15 Types of Research- Design, Methodology and Reports 

Research is the systematic investigation into and analysis of a topic in order to establish new knowledge or refine existing understanding. Choosing the right research type or types of research in research methodology and reporting format is crucial for a successful project. You might be confused to know what are the different types of research?.This Amrita AHEAD article explores 15 common research types, delves into different types of social research methods, discusses data types, explores experimental designs, and examines different aquestionnaires. 

What are Types of Researches? 

When choosing a research approach, understanding the different types of research design is crucial. Types of research design can be categorized as quantitative, qualitative, or others. Quantitative types of research design rely on numbers and statistics, while qualitative types of research design focus on in-depth exploration of experiences and meanings.Here's a concise breakdown of different research types or types of research in research methodology categorized by their approach and purpose: 

By Approach: 

• Quantitative Research: Relies on numbers and statistics to analyze and understand a phenomenon (surveys, experiments, content analysis). Common in social sciences, business research, and types of marketing research. 
• Qualitative Research:Types of qualitative research explores the "why" and "how" behind experiences, focusing on meanings and perspectives (interviews, focus groups, ethnography). Used extensively in different types of social research and types of marketing research to understand customer motivations. 

By Purpose: 

• Basic Research: Aims to expand knowledge and develop new theories without a specific practical application in mind (e.g., understanding human behavior). 
• Applied Research: Seeks to solve real-world problems and inform practical decisions (e.g., developing a new marketing campaign or improving business processes). 

Specific Types: 

• Social Research: The different types of social research investigates social issues, trends, and human behavior (e.g., studying poverty, education, or social media use). Can be quantitative or qualitative, or a combination of both. 
• Marketing Research: Types of marketing research Gathers data to understand customer behavior and market trends to inform marketing strategies, product development, and sales efforts. Often uses surveys, focus groups, and market analysis tools. 
• Business Research:The type of business research analyzes various aspects of a business to improve operations, make strategic decisions, and gain a competitive advantage. Encompasses types of market research, financial research, customer satisfaction research, and more.Market research is like detective work for businesses. It uses surveys, interviews, and more to understand what customers want and how competitors act. Market helps businesses make smart choices about their products, marketing, and pricing 

Remember,different types of research methods chosen depends on the research question and goals. Researchers may also combine different methodologies for a more comprehensive understanding. 

What are the 15 Types of Research Methodology 

The given below are the various types of research methodology or different types of research.There are 15 types of research methodology 

Described in this article. 

Types of Research 

1. Basic Research (Pure Research): This type aims to expand our general knowledge base without necessarily having a specific practical application in mind. It focuses on understanding fundamental principles and how things relate to each other. 
2. Applied Research: This approach takes existing knowledge and uses it to address practical problems. Its goal is to develop new products, processes, or technologies that can be directly implemented for a specific purpose. 
3. Correlational Research: This method investigates the relationships between variables, but it doesn't manipulate them to establish cause-and-effect. It helps identify potential links between variables, but can't definitively prove one causes the other. 
4. Descriptive Research: This approach describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It provides a snapshot of a situation at a particular point in time, offering a clear picture of what's being studied. 
5. Ethnographic Research: This method involves immersing yourself in a specific culture or group to study them from within. Researchers observe, interview, and participate in the activities of the group to gain a deeper understanding of their way of life. 
6. Experimental Research: This highly controlled approach tests cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one variable and observing its impact on another. It aims to isolate variables to determine if changes in one directly cause changes in the other. 
7. Exploratory Research: This method is used to gain a better understanding of a new or unfamiliar topic. It helps define research questions and develop hypotheses for further, more in-depth studies. 
8. Grounded Theory Research: This approach develops theories based on the data collected during the research process itself. It's an inductive approach where themes and concepts emerge from the data, rather than being imposed beforehand. 
9. Historical Research: This method examines past events to gain insight into the present. Researchers use historical documents, artifacts, and records to reconstruct and understand the past. 
10. Phenomenological Research: This approach focuses on studying people's experiences from their own perspective. It aims to understand how people make sense of the world around them and how their experiences shape their understanding. 
11. Quantitative Research: This method relies on numerical data and statistical analysis. Surveys, experiments, and other methods are used to collect quantifiable data that can be analyzed statistically. 
12. Qualitative Research: This approach focuses on understanding non-numerical data, such as text, images, or videos. It involves interviews, observations, and document analysis to explore experiences and the meanings people attach to them. 
13. Action Research: This method aims to improve a situation or solve a problem within a specific context. Researchers collaborate with practitioners in the field to implement changes and evaluate their effectiveness. 
14. Observational Research: This method collects data by observing people or phenomena without manipulating them. Observations can be overt (participants know they are being observed) or covert (participants are unaware they are being observed). 
15. Case Study Research: This approach takes an in-depth look at a specific person, group, or event. It provides a detailed understanding of the particular case being studied. 

The choice of which research type to use depends on your specific research question and the goals you're trying to achieve. 

Types of Research

1. Basic Research (Pure Research): This type aims to expand our general knowledge base without necessarily having a specific practical application in mind. It focuses on understanding fundamental principles and how things relate to each other. 
2. Applied Research: This approach takes existing knowledge and uses it to address practical problems. Its goal is to develop new products, processes, or technologies that can be directly implemented for a specific purpose. 
3. Correlational Research: This method investigates the relationships between variables, but it doesn't manipulate them to establish cause-and-effect. It helps identify potential links between variables, but can't definitively prove one causes the other. 
4. Descriptive Research: This approach describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon. It provides a snapshot of a situation at a particular point in time, offering a clear picture of what's being studied. 
5. Ethnographic Research: This method involves immersing yourself in a specific culture or group to study them from within. Researchers observe, interview, and participate in the activities of the group to gain a deeper understanding of their way of life. 
6. Experimental Research: This highly controlled approach tests cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one variable and observing its impact on another. It aims to isolate variables to determine if changes in one directly cause changes in the other. 
7. Exploratory Research: This method is used to gain a better understanding of a new or unfamiliar topic. It helps define research questions and develop hypotheses for further, more in-depth studies. 
8. Grounded Theory Research: This approach develops theories based on the data collected during the research process itself. It's an inductive approach where themes and concepts emerge from the data, rather than being imposed beforehand. 
9. Historical Research: This method examines past events to gain insight into the present. Researchers use historical documents, artifacts, and records to reconstruct and understand the past. 
10. Phenomenological Research: This approach focuses on studying people's experiences from their own perspective. It aims to understand how people make sense of the world around them and how their experiences shape their understanding. 
11. Quantitative Research: This method relies on numerical data and statistical analysis. Surveys, experiments, and other methods are used to collect quantifiable data that can be analyzed statistically. 
12. Qualitative Research: This approach focuses on understanding non-numerical data, such as text, images, or videos. It involves interviews, observations, and document analysis to explore experiences and the meanings people attach to them. 
13. Action Research: This method aims to improve a situation or solve a problem within a specific context. Researchers collaborate with practitioners in the field to implement changes and evaluate their effectiveness. 
14. Observational Research: This method collects data by observing people or phenomena without manipulating them. Observations can be overt (participants know they are being observed) or covert (participants are unaware they are being observed). 
15. Case Study Research: This approach takes an in-depth look at a specific person, group, or event. It provides a detailed understanding of the particular case being studied. 

The choice of which research type to use depends on your specific research question and the goals you're trying to achieve. 

Types of Data in Research 

The types of data in research is an important area to focus in research.There are two main types of data in research considering different types of research. 

• Quantitative Data: This refers to numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. It often involves numbers, percentages, or frequencies. Examples include survey responses on a Likert scale, reaction times in an experiment, or sales figures for a product. 
• Qualitative Data: This refers to non-numerical data that describes experiences, opinions, or phenomena. It often involves text, images, or videos. Examples include interview transcripts, observations of a group interaction, or open-ended survey responses. 

Types of Experimental Research Designs 

Types of experimental research designs are used to test cause-and-effect relationships. Here are some common types of experimental research design 

• True Experimental Design: This is the strongest design, with a control group and an experimental group. The researcher manipulates one variable in the experimental group and compares the results to the control group, which doesn't experience the manipulation. 
• Quasi-Experimental Design: This design doesn't have a randomly assigned control group, making it weaker than a true experimental design. Researchers may compare pre-existing groups or use interrupted time series designs. 
• Pre-test Post-test Design: Both the control and experimental groups are measured before and after the manipulation in the experimental group. This helps assess changes, but doesn't account for external factors that might influence the results. 
• Factorial Design: This design investigates the effects of multiple independent variables on a dependent variable. It allows researchers to see how different variables interact with each other

Types of Questionnaires in Research 

Questionnaires are a common tool for collecting data in research. types of questionnaire in research are often confusing to understand.Here are some types of survey questionnaire in quantitative research in types of questionnaire in research . 

• Structured Questionnaire: This type in types of survey questionnaire in quantitative research that uses closed-ended questions with predetermined answer choices (e.g., multiple choice, Likert scale). Easy to analyze statistically but may limit participant responses. 
• Semi-structured Questionnaire: This is a types of survey questionnaire in quantitative research type that combines closed-ended and open-ended questions. Allows for some flexibility in participant responses while still offering some structure for data analysis. 
• Unstructured Questionnaire: This types of survey questionnaire in quantitative research uses only open-ended questions, allowing for rich and detailed responses. More challenging to analyze but provides deeper insights. 

Types of Validity in Research 

Validity refers to how well a research study measures what it claims to measure while defining types of validity in research. Here are some key types of validity in research: 

• Internal Validity: This types of validity in research refers to whether the study design allows for a cause-and-effect relationship to be concluded. It ensures changes observed are due to the manipulation, not external factors. 
• Construct Validity: This refers to whether the research measures the concept it's intended to measure. It ensures the research is truly capturing the intended phenomenon. 
• External Validity: This refers to whether the study findings can be generalized to a broader population or setting. It ensures the results are relevant beyond the specific study context. 
• Conclusion Validity: This refers to whether the conclusions drawn from the research are justified by the data collected. It ensures interpretations are sound and supported by the evidence. 

Types of Hypothesis in Research 

Here's a comprehensive list encompassing all the common types of hypotheses in research .An explanation of types of hypothesis in research is provides under each type 

1. Null Hypothesis (H0): This fundamental hypothesis proposes there's no relationship between the variables you're investigating. In simpler terms, it suggests any observed differences are purely due to chance and not a result of any influence between the variables. It serves as the baseline hypothesis that you often aim to disprove through your research.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha): This hypothesis stands in opposition to the null hypothesis. It posits that there is a relationship between the variables you're studying. It might even specify the direction or nature of the expected relationship (e.g., positive, negative) in some cases.
3. Simple Hypothesis: This type of hypothesis keeps things focused by addressing the relationship between only two variables. It's a concise statement that clearly predicts the anticipated outcome.
4. Complex Hypothesis: This hypothesis ventures deeper, proposing a relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables. It allows for a more intricate understanding of how various factors interact and influence each other.
5. Directional Hypothesis: This hypothesis goes beyond just acknowledging a relationship. It predicts the specific direction of the effect between the variables. For instance, it might state that as one variable (X) increases, the other variable (Y) will decrease.
6. Non-directional Hypothesis: This hypothesis acknowledges that a relationship exists between the variables you're examining, but it doesn't specify the direction of that relationship. It might simply state that X and Y are related, leaving the nature of the connection open for investigation.
7. Associative Hypothesis: This type focuses on identifying a general association between variables. It doesn't necessarily imply a cause-and-effect relationship, but rather suggests that the variables tend to occur together or influence each other in some way.
8. Causal Hypothesis: This hypothesis takes things a step further by proposing a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. It suggests that manipulating one variable (independent) will directly cause a change in the other variable (dependent).
9. Statistical Hypothesis: This type is specifically used within the realm of statistical testing. It involves framing the null and alternative hypotheses in a way that aligns with statistical analysis methods. This allows researchers to determine the probability of the observed results happening by chance.
10. Research Hypothesis: This is a broad term encompassing all the aforementioned types of hypotheses used within a research study. It's a general statement about the anticipated relationship or outcome you're investigating.

By understanding these various types of hypotheses, you can effectively formulate your research questions and design your study to test those predictions.

Types of Research Reports 

There are several ways to categorize types of report in research methodology, but here are some common types based on purpose and audience.The given bullet points include types of research report with a brief description for better understanding. 

Types of Research Reports

• Academic Report: This is a formal report written for a scholarly audience, typically following a specific style guide (e.g., APA, MLA). It presents detailed research findings,what are the types of research in research methodology and analysis. 
• Technical Report: This report focuses on presenting research findings to a specific technical audience, like engineers or scientists. It emphasizes data, methods, and results relevant to their field. 
• Grant Proposal: This report aims to convince a funding agency to support your research. It outlines the research question, methodology, and expected outcomes, along with budget justification. 
• Policy Report: This report translates research findings into clear recommendations for policymakers or practitioners. It focuses on the implications of the research for decision-making. 
• Executive Summary: The Types of report in research methodology concise report provides a high-level overview of a more extensive research project. It highlights key findings and recommendations for a busy audience, like executives or managers. 
• Evaluation Report: The types of report in research methodology assesses the effectiveness of a program, intervention, or product. It examines data to determine success in achieving its goals. 

The types of research report or types of report in research methodology you choose depends on your research goals, target audience, and desired outcome. 

Types of Variables in Research 

Types of variables in research can be defined as characteristics or factors that can change within your research study. Here are some key types of variables in research: 

• Independent Variable: The variable you manipulate or control to observe its effect on another variable. 
• Dependent Variable: The variable you measure to see how it's affected by changes in the independent variable. 
• Extraneous Variable: Variables that can influence the dependent variable but are not directly manipulated in the study. These need to be controlled or accounted for to isolate the effect of the independent variable. 
• Moderating Variable: A variable that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It can strengthen, weaken, or even change the direction of the relationship. 
• Intervening Variable: A variable that lies between the independent and dependent variable and helps explain how the independent variable influences the dependent variable. 

By understanding these different types of reports, sampling methods, and types of variables in research, you can design a strong research study that effectively addresses your research questions. 

Types of Sampling in Research 

Sampling is a crucial step in research therefore it is essential to understand types of sampling in research with clarity, as it involves selecting a representative subset of a population to study. This subset is then used to draw inferences about the entire population. Considering the types of sampling in research there are two main categories of sampling methods, each with its own advantages and limitations: 

1. Probability Sampling:

This method ensures that every member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being selected for the sample. This allows researchers to statistically generalize their findings to the entire population. Here are some common types of probability sampling: 

• Simple Random Sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. This is a good option for small populations or when you don't have subgroups within the population. 
• Systematic Sampling: Members are selected at regular intervals from a list. This is easy to implement, but can be biased if the list has underlying patterns. 
• Stratified Sampling: The population is first divided into subgroups (strata) based on relevant characteristics (e.g., age, gender, income). A random sample is then drawn from each stratum. This ensures that subgroups are proportionally represented in the final sample. 
• Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into clusters (e.g., schools, cities). Clusters are randomly selected, and then all members within those clusters are included. This can be useful for geographically dispersed populations. 
• Multi-stage Sampling: This involves a combination of sampling methods used in large or complex populations. For instance, you might use stratified sampling to select regions, then systematic sampling to select households within those regions. 

2. Non-Probability Sampling:

This method does not rely on random selection. While it doesn't allow for generalizability to the entire population, it can be valuable for specific research contexts where random sampling may be impractical. Here are some common non-probability sampling methods: 

• Convenience Sampling: The most accessible population members are selected. This is a quick and easy method but can be biased towards readily available participants who may not represent the entire population. 
• Purposive Sampling (Judgmental Sampling): Participants are chosen deliberately based on specific criteria to ensure they meet your information needs. This is useful for in-depth studies requiring specific experiences or characteristics. 
• Snowball Sampling: Existing participants refer you to others who meet your criteria. This can be useful for reaching rare populations but can lead to biased samples based on the initial participants' networks. 
• Quota Sampling: The sample is selected to reflect specific proportions of the population based on certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender). This can be useful for ensuring representation of subgroups in the sample, but requires prior knowledge of population demographics. 

Choosing the right sampling method depends on your research question,types of research methods, the population you're studying, and the resources available. Probability sampling is generally preferred when generalizability is important, while non-probability sampling can be a good option for exploratory research or when random sampling is not feasible. 

Conclusion 

The  diverse landscape of research designs, methodologies, and report formats underscores the intricate nature of knowledge acquisition. From the exploratory to the experimental, each approach offers unique strengths and limitations. The judicious selection of these elements is paramount to conducting rigorous and impactful research.With this article you are now familiar with what are the different types of research by comprehending the nuances of various research types,types of research methods, researchers can effectively address complex questions, contribute to their respective fields, and inform evidence-based decision-making. 

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